Los atributos personales como promesa de acción política: Cuando los imitadores les cobran la palabra a los políticos

Contenido principal del artículo

Mario Álvarez Fuentes

Resumen

Pese a su impacto, la lógica que guía la producción de imitación sátira de políticos y políticas es aún poco investigada en el campo de la comunicación política. Este artículo devela las ideas que estos artistas tienen sobre su trabajo y, a partir de ellas, busca enriquecer las nociones teóricas presentes en el campo. El estudio emerge de la observación del proceso de producción de Polònia, un programa de imitación de políticos transmitido semanalmente en Cataluña desde 2006. Se incluyen entrevistas con algunos imitadores y se analiza cómo se representó una negociación política para formar gobierno. Un elemento central de la producción satírica consiste en observar a los políticos desde sus rasgos más personales y, a partir de ellos, los actores y actrices se forman impresiones con las que construyen sus personajes. Luego, en los sketches, los sátiros de Polònia muestran si es que los políticos son o no consistentes con las impresiones que causan con su personalidad. Los sátiros exigen su propio tipo de accountability político: Si un político inspira una forma de ser con su performance personal, debe actuar así en el tráfago político diario. Lo personal es una promesa de acción política, que, si no se cumple, condena al político a la irrelevancia. Esta centralidad de lo personal es discutida en comparación a su tratamiento conceptual en el campo de la comunicación política.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Álvarez Fuentes, M. (2021). Los atributos personales como promesa de acción política: Cuando los imitadores les cobran la palabra a los políticos. Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI, (54), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2021.54.e739
Sección
Política, periodismo y televisión populismo y actores periféricos
Biografía del autor/a

Mario Álvarez Fuentes, Universidad de la Frontera

Docente e investigador del doctorado en Comunicación dictado por la Universidad de la Frontera y la Universidad Austral en Chile. Es doctor en estudios en comunicación de la Universidad de Leeds, Inglaterra. Sus intereses de investigación se centran en comunicación política, especialmente en sus relaciones con la cultura popular, performance personal y liderazgo político, humor y, en general, géneros distintos del periodismo que inciden en la política.

Citas

Alexander, J. C. (2004). Cultural Pragmatics: Social Performance Between Ritual and Strategy. Sociological Theory, 22(4), 527-573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2

Alexander, J. C. (2010). The Performance of Politics: Obama’s Victory and the Democratic Struggle for Power. En The Performance of Politics: Obama’s Victory and the Democratic Struggle for Power. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744466.001.0001

Altheide, D. L. (2004). Media logic and political communication. Political Communication, 21(3), 293-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600490481307

Altheide, D. L. (2016). Media Logic. En G. Mazzoleni (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication Vol. 2, 1-6. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc088

Altheide, D. L., & Snow, R. P. (1979). Media Logic. SAGE Publications.

Álvarez Fuentes, M. (2019). Metaphors for comic relief: Satirists’ self-reported contribution to democratic dialogue in difficult times. Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies, 11(2), 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00006_1

Bailey, R. (2018). When journalism and satire merge: The implications for impartiality, engagement and ‘post-truth’ politics – A UK perspective on the serious side of US TV comedy. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 200-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760322

Bal, A. S., Pitt, L., Berthon, P., & DesAutels, P. (2009). Caricatures, cartoons, spoofs and satires: political brands as butts. Journal of Public Affairs, 9(4), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.334

Balmas, M., Rahat, G., Sheafer, T., & Shenhav, S. R. (2014). Two routes to personalized politics. Party Politics, 20(1), 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436037

Baum, M. A. (2003). Soft news and political knowledge: Evidence of absence or absence of evidence? Political Communication, 20(2), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600390211181

Baumgartner, J. C. (2021). Is It Funny if No One is Watching? Public Response to Late-Night Political Satire. Comedy Studies, 12(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/2040610X.2020.1850101

Baumgartner, J. C., & Lockerbie, B. (2018). Maybe it Is More Than a Joke: Satire, Mobilization, and Political Participation. Social Science Quarterly, 99(3), 1060-1074. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12501

Baym, G. (2005). The Daily Show: Discursive integration and the reinvention of political journalism. Political Communication, 22(3), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600591006492

Baym, G. (2014). Stewart, O’Reilly, and The Rumble 2012: Alternative Political Debate in the Age of Hybridity. Popular Communication, 12(2), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2014.893583

Baym, G., & Jones, J. P. (2012). News Parody in Global Perspective: Politics, Power, and Resistance. Popular Communication, 10(1-2), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2012.638566

Bell, J. (2014). Doing Your Research Project: A Guide for First-time Researchers in Education, Health and Social Science (4.a ed.). Open University Press.

Bennett, S. E., Rhine, S. L., Flickinger, R. S., & Bennett, L. L. M. (1999). «Video malaise» revisited: Public trust in the media and government. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 4(4), 8-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X9900400402

Berezin, M. (2017). On the construction sites of history: Where did Donald Trump come from? American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 5(3), 322-337. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41290-017-0045-7

Blumler, J. G. (1992). Vulnerable Values at Stake. En J. G. Blumler (Ed.), Television and the Public Interest: Vulnerable Values in West European Broadcasting (pp. 22-42). Sage Publications in association with the Broadcasting Standards Council. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9206500125

Boland, T. (2012). Critical comedy: Satire, absurdity and Ireland’s economic crash. Irish Political Studies, 27(3), 440-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2012.693915

Boukes, M. (2019). Agenda-Setting With Satire: How Political Satire Increased TTIP’s Saliency on the Public, Media, and Political Agenda. Political Communication, 36(3), 426-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1498816

Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027

Brants, K. (1998). Who’s Afraid of Infotainment? European Journal of Communication, 13(3), 315-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323198013003002

Brewer, P. R., Young, D. G., & Morreale, M. (2013). The impact of real news about «fake news»: Intertextual processes and political satire. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(3), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edt015

Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good. Oxford University Press.

Coleman, S. (2012). How Voters Feel. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139035354

Coleman, S. (2015). Elections as storytelling contests. Contemporary Theatre Review, 25(2), 166-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10486801.2015.1020681

Consell de l’Audiovisual de Catalunya. (2017). Informe sobre l’audiovisual a Catalunya 2016. CAC.

Consell de l’Audiovisual de Catalunya. (2018). Informe sobre l’audiovisual a Catalunya 2017. CAC. https://www.cac.cat/sites/default/files/2017-11/Informe_sector_2016_esmenat.pdf

Corner, J. (2000). Mediated persona and political culture: Dimensions of structure and process. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 3(3), 386-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/136754940000300306

De Vreese, C. H. (2005). The spiral of cynicism reconsidered. European Journal of Communication, 20(3), 283-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105055259

De Vreese, C. H., & Semetko, H. A. (2002). Cynical and engaged: Strategic campaign coverage, public opinion, and mobilization in a referendum. Communication Research, 29(6), 615-641. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002237829

Ferré-Pavia, C., & Gayà-Morlà, C. (2011). Infotainment and citizens’ political perceptions: Who’s afraid of ‘Polònia’? Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 3(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.3.1.45_1

Ferré-Pavia, C., Sintes, M., & Gayà, C. (2016). The perceived effects of televised political satire among viewers and the communication directors of political parties: A European case. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 19(4), 299-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549415592892

Finlayson, A. (2002). Elements of the Blairite Image of Leadership. Parliamentary Affairs, 55(3), 586-599. https://doi.org/10.1093/parlij/55.3.586

Flowers, A. A., & Young, C. L. (2010). Parodying Palin: How Tina Fey’s Visual and Verbal Impersonations Revived a Comedy Show and Impacted the 2008 Election. Journal of Visual Literacy, 29(1), 47-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2010.11674673

Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre.

Higgins, M., & McKay, F. M. (2016). Gender and the development of a political persona: The case of Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon. British Politics, 11(3), 283-300. https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2015.44

Holbert, R. L., Hmielowski, J., Jain, P., Lather, J., & Morey, A. (2011). Adding Nuance to the Study of Political Humor Effects: Experimental Research on Juvenalian Satire Versus Horatian Satire. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(3), 187-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210392156

Jones, J. P. (2010). Entertaining Politics: Satiric Television and Political Engagement (2.a ed.). Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

Jones, M. O. (2017). Satire, social media and revolutionary cultural production in the Bahrain uprising: From utopian fiction to political satire. Communication and the Public, 2(2), 136-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047317706372

Jorgensen, D. (1989). Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies. SAGE Publications.

Kulkarni, A. (2017). Internet Meme and Political Discourse: A Study on the Impact of Internet Meme as a Tool in Communicating Political Satire. Journal of Content, Community & Communication, 6(3), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3501366

Langer, A. I. (2010). The politicization of private persona: Exceptional leaders or the new rule? The case of the United Kingdom and the Blair effect. International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 60-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209351003

Langer, A. I. (2011). The personalisation of politics in the UK : mediated leadership from Attlee to Cameron. Manchester University Press.

Marshall, P. D. (2016). The Era of Persona. Kadokawa Summer Program - Mediated Worlds: Sociality, Publicness and Celebrity. https://prezi.com/kekpberaqe-i/the-era-of-persona/

Mast, J. L. (2006). The cultural pragmatics of event-ness: the Clinton / Lewinsky affair. En J. C. Alexander, B. Giesen, & J. L. Mast (Eds.), Social Performance. Symbolic Action, Cultural Pragmatics, and Ritual 115-145. Cambridge University Press.

Mast, J. L. (2012). Cultural Pragmatics and the Structure and Flow of Democratic Politics. En J. C. Alexander, R. N. Jacobs, & P. Smith (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cultural Sociology 639-670. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.24

McAllister, I. (2007). The Personalization of Politics. En R. J. Dalton & H. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior 571-588. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199270125.003.0030

Michaud Wild, N. (2015). Dumb vs. Fake: Representations of Bush and Palin on Saturday Night Live and Their Effects on the Journalistic Public Sphere. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(3), 494-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1055001

Mughan, A. (2000). Media and the Presidentialization of Parliamentary Elections. En Media and the Presidentialization of Parliamentary Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403920126

Patterson, T. E. (1994). Out of Order. En Out of Order. Vintage Books - Ramdon House. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/tmz012

Patterson, T. E. (1998). Time and news: The media’s limitations as an instrument of democracy. International Political Science Review, 19(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251298019001004

Rahat, G., & Sheafer, T. (2007). The personalization(s) of politics: Israel, 1949-2003. Political Communication, 24(1), 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600601128739

Rauer, V. (2006). Symbols in action: Willy Brandt’s kneefall at the Warsaw Memorial. En J. C. Alexander, B. Giesen, & J. L. Mast (Eds.), Social Performance Symbolic Action, Cultural Pragmatics, and Ritual 257-282. Cambridge University Press.

Richardson, K., Parry, K., & Corner, J. (2013). Political culture and media genre: Beyond the news. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291271

Ryabinska, N. (2020). Politics as a Joke: The Case of Volodymyr Zelensky’s Comedy Show in Ukraine. Problems of Post-Communism, 67, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1816836

Shao, L., & Liu, D. (2019). The Road to Cynicism: The Political Consequences of Online Satire Exposure in China. Political Studies, 67(2), 517-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718791373

Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 273-286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095521

Tsakona, V., & Chovanec, J. (2020). Revisiting intertextuality and humour: fresh perspectives on a classic topic. The European Journal of Humour Research, 8(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2020.8.3.tsakona

Tsakona, V., & Popa, D. E. (2011). Humour in politics and the politics of humour. En V. Tsakona & D. E. Popa (Eds.), Studies in Political Humour: In between political critique and public entertainment (Vol. 46, pp. 1-30). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.46.03tsa

Van Zoonen, L. (2006). The personal, the political and the popular. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(3), 287-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549406066074

Van Zoonen, L., & Holtz-Bacha, C. (2000). Personalisation in Dutch and German politics: The case of talk show. Javnost - The Public, 7(2), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2000.11008743

Wattenberg, M. P. (1998). The decline of American political parties, 1952-1996. Oxford University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674194359

Wiggins, B. E. (2019). The Discursive Power of Memes in Digital Culture. En The Discursive Power of Memes in Digital Culture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429492303-2

Wilke, J., & Reinemann, C. (2001). Do the candidates matter? Long-term trends of campaign coverage - A study of the german press since 1949. European Journal of Communication, 16(3), 291-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323101016003001

Zaller, J. (2001). Monica Lewinsky and the mainsprings of American politics. En W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics. Communication in the future democracy (252-278). Cambridge University Press.