CYBER VIOLENCE IN SPAIN: TYPES, VICTIMS AND AGGRESSORS

Article Sidebar

PDF (Español (España)) PDF HTML (Español (España)) HTML EPUB (Español (España)) EPUB XML (Español (España)) XML
Published: Aug 26, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2024.57.e877
Keywords:
Cyber violence, Internet, Human Rights, Women and Girls, Spain

Main Article Content

Janara Sousa
University of Brasília
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-5827
Nuria Rodríguez Ávila
University of Barcelona
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-2495
Pilar Rodríguez Martínez
University of Almería
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-9117

Abstract

Introduction: This research intends to understand the dynamics of cyberviolence in Spain through the analysis of the pieces of news published in the newspaper El País. It aims to identify the most frequent victims and aggressors, as well as the main types of cyberviolence. Methodology: A sample of 60 cases of reported cyberviolence in El País from 2007 to the end of 2023 was examined by using Discourse Analysis. Results: Online violence has increased its presence in Spain, highlighting women as the most common victims, while men are mainly identified as aggressors. The most frequently observed types of violence include grooming, cyberbullying, non-consensual leaking of intimate content, and sexual and moral harassment. Discussion: Following global trends, girls and young women are the main victims. Also, the process of victimization of socially prominent women is highlighted. The discussion further underscores the underlying gender inequality in cyberviolence. Conclusions: There is a remarkable impunity regarding cyberviolence in Spain, characterized by the lack of accountability of digital platforms and a state regulation that is still perceived as insufficient.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Sousa, J., Rodríguez Ávila, N., and Rodríguez Martínez, P. (2024). CYBER VIOLENCE IN SPAIN: TYPES, VICTIMS AND AGGRESSORS. Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI, 57, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2024.57.e877
Issue
Vol. 57 (2024)
Section
Research article
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

The Journal of Communication of SEECI recognizes and promotes copyright rights, as well as the need to disseminate knowledge in an accessible and equitable manner. Our journal operates under a Creative Commons License CC BY-NC 4.0, which allows authors and users to:

  • Share and Adapt: Copy, redistribute, and adapt the material published in the journal in any medium or format.
  • Attribution: Properly acknowledge authorship and provide a link to the license, indicating if any changes have been made.
  • Non-Commercial: Do not use the material for commercial purposes without the express permission of the authors and the journal.
  • Authors retain copyright and may enter into non-exclusive agreements for self-archiving, deposit, or distribution of the publisher's version published in this journal, including institutional, national, or international repositories, and personal websites.

 

Author Biographies

Janara Sousa, University of Brasília

Associate Professor in the Department of Organizational Communication at the University of Brasilia (UnB). She is part of the Graduate Program in Human Rights and Citizenship. She completed postdoctoral studies in Sociology at the University of Barcelona, Spain, and in Communication at the University of Minho, Portugal, focusing her research on online violence against women and girls. She holds a PhD in Sociology, a Master's degree in Communication and a Bachelor's degree in Journalism, all from UnB. She leads the Internet and Human Rights research group, coordinating projects such as the Brazilian Online Violence Observatory and the App School, which seek to understand and combat online violence against girls. She also coordinates the Online Violence in Educational Spaces project, collaborating with universities in Spain and Portugal.

Nuria Rodríguez Ávila, University of Barcelona

Professor of the Department of Sociology at the University of Barcelona. She is a member of the Applied Research and Knowledge for Society (ARKS) research group. She is a member of the Observatory of European Contemporary Social Welfare Systems and the UB Family Business Classroom. She runs the careers office for the Implementation of GIPE and GAEF. She coordinates the Social Economy Program of the University of Experience. She leads four projects of the ARACOOP line for the development and consolidation of training in Social Economy. She has been President of the School's Equality Committee since 2017 and she represents the UB in the EDI Group Equality, Diversity and Inclusion of the LERU 2018-2023. She has promoted the ODS Awards and coordinates the Employment Forum.

Pilar Rodríguez Martínez, University of Almería

Professor in the area of Sociology at the University of Almeria. She is responsible for the Comparative International Research group (HUM-1028). She is president of the CI35 Values Committee of the Spanish Federation of Sociology. She belongs to the TG10 Digital Sociology committee of the International Sociological Association and she is the coordinator of the group in the next congress of Rabat 2025. She leads a research project on the effects of hate speech in offline relationships of adolescents in Poniente Almeriense. She is the coordinator of the book "El análisis social del ciberespacio" (Social analysis of cyberspace), and her articles, "Hate-Speech Countering by Immigrant and Pro-Immigrant Associations in Almeria and "Gender effects of social media use among secondary schools' adolescents in Spain: extremist and pro-violence attitudes".

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

Ander-Egg, E. (1995). Técnicas de investigación social. Lumen.

Association for Progressive Communications. (11 de septiembre de 2023). Online gender-based violence: A submission from the Association for Progressive Communications to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. https://acortar.link/7JpNAg

Bardin, L. (2016). Análisis de contenido. São Paulo: Ediciones 70.

Bericat Alastuey, E. (1998). La integración de los métodos cuantitativo y cualitativo en la investigación social: Significado y medida. Ariel, S.A.

Bernardo, A. B., Tuero, E., Cervero, A., Dobarro, A. y Galve-González, C. (2020). Bullying and cyberbullying: Variables that influence university dropout. Comunicar, 64, 63-72. https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-06

Bosch, N. V. y Gil-Juarez, A. (2021). Un acercamiento situado a las violencias machistas online y a las formas de contrarrestarlas. Revista Estudos Feministas, 29(3), e74588. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2021v29n374588 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2021v29n374588

Bourdieu, P. (1989). O poder simbólico. Bertrand.

Bourdieu, P. (1998). La dominación masculina. Anagrama.

Cañas, J. A. y López-Fonseca, O. (17 de marzo de 2017). Ciberacosador, reincidente y sin castigo. El País. https://elpais.com/politica/2017/03/17/actualidad/1489742708_742554.html

Carranco, R. (23 de enero de 2023). La periodista Cristina Puig: Para atacar TV3 y el Faqs, lo hacían a través de su presentadora. El País. https://acortar.link/XemBnC

Castells, M. (1997). La era de la información, I. La sociedad red. Alianza. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3056851

Foucault, M. (1992). Microfísica del poder. La Piqueta.

González Río, M. J. (1997). Metodología de la investigación social. Técnicas de recolección de datos. Aguaclara.

Hinduja, S. y Patchin, J. W. (2011). Cyberbullying: a review of the legal issues facing educators. Preventing School Failure, 55(2), 71-78. 10.1080/1045988X.2011.539433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2011.539433

Instituto Avon. (2021). Muito além do cyberbullying: a violência real do mundo virtual. https://institutoavon.org.br/pesquisa/

Instituto Europeo de la Igualdad de Género. (2017). La ciberviolencia contra mujeres y niñas. https://acortar.link/awaRy8

Instituto Europeo de la Igualdad de Género. (2022). Combating Cyber Violence against Women and Girls. https://acortar.link/5JIxve

Internet Watch Foundation. (2023). How AI is being abused to create child sexual abuse imagery. https://acortar.link/9uVerj

Jankowicz, N. (2022). How to be a woman online: surviving abuse and harassment, and how to fight back. Bloomsbury. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350267602

Ley Orgánica 10/2022. De garantía integral de la libertad sexual. 07 de septiembre de 2022. BOE No. 215. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/09/06/10

Limón, R. (18 de septiembre de 2023). De Rosalía al instituto: la inteligencia artificial generaliza la creación de imágenes pornográficas no consentidas. El País. https://acortar.link/WRZL2e

Lionço, T. (2019). Feminista, demoníaca, professora, psicóloga, inimiga pública. En R. S. Guimarães (Ed.). Gênero e Cultura: Perspectivas Formativas (Vol. 3.). Edições Hipótese.

Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital. (2022). Violencia digital de género: una realidad invisible. https://acortar.link/cRvEP9

Ministerio del Interior. (2022). Portal de Estadísticas Criminales. https://estadisticasdecriminalidad.ses.mir.es/publico/portalestadistico/

Núñez Puente, S., Vázquez Cupeiro, S. y Fernández Romero, S. (2017). Ciberfeminismo contra la violencia de género: análisis del activismo online-offline y de la representación discursiva de la víctima. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 22(2), 861-877. https://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.54240 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.54240

Organización de las Naciones Unidas. (2015). Combatting online violence against women & girls: a worldwide wake-up call. https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/highlightdocumentenglish.pdf

Patchin, J. W. y Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23(4), 1-7. 10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013

Poland, B. (2016). Harassment, Abuse and Violence Online. Potomac Books.

Ronson, J. (2015). So you´ve been publicy shamed. Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

Saffioti, H. I. (2001). Contribuições feministas para o estudo da violência de gênero. Cadernos Pagu, 16, 115-136. https://n9.cl/t6bhk DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-83332001000100007

Sanjuán, C. (2019). Violencia Viral, análisis de la violencia contra la infancia y la adolescencia en el entorno digital. Save the Children España. https://acortar.link/0alTU3

Sensity IA. (2020). Automating image abuse. https://acortar.link/5ToYvc

Sousa, J. (2021). Violencia en Línea en Brasil: escenario y perspectivas. Razón y Palabra, 25(111), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.26807/rp.v25i111.1781 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26807/rp.v25i111.1781

Sousa, J. y Rodríguez Ávila, N. (2023). El ciclo de la violencia en línea contra mujeres en Brasil. Chasqui: Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación, 153, 117-131. https://doi.org/10.16921/chasqui.v1i153.4815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.16921/chasqui.v1i153.4815

Sousa, J., Scheidweiler, G., Montenegro, L. y Geraldes, E. (2019). O ambiente regulatório brasileiro de enfrentamento à violência online de gênero. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias de la Comunicación, 16(30), 240-249. https://doi.org/10.55738/alaic.v16i30.530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55738/alaic.v16i30.530

Torres Albero, C. (2017). Sociedad de la información y brecha digital en España. Panorama Social, 25, 17-33. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6371386

Valente, M. G., Neris, N., Ruiz, J. P. y Bulgarelli, L. (2016). O Corpo é o Código: Estratégias Jurídicas de Enfrentamento ao Revenge Porn no Brasil. InternetLab.

Waldron, J. (2012). Approaching Hate Speech. En The Harm in Hate Speech (pp. 1-17). Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674065086.c2

Žižek, S. (2008). Violence: Six Sideways Reflections. Profile Books.