INFLUENCE OF TATTOOS AND THEIR DIFFERENT STYLES ON THE FORMATION OF FIRST IMPRESSIONS

Main Article Content

Enrique Carvajal Zaera

Abstract

Introduction: Tattoos have become ubiquitous today, with a prevalence of 38% in countries studied by Dalia Research. Their presence varies according to culture, country, gender, age, educational level, and geographical location, with unique aesthetics and meanings that motivate research on their influence on others. In the workplace, studies suggest that visible tattoos can negatively affect employment opportunities, leading to a deeper analysis of how different tattoo styles may influence the perception of service consumers. Methodology: The most popular tattoo styles were selected, including old school, new school, neo-traditional, tribal, blackwork, watercolor, Japanese, and realism styles. A quantitative analysis was conducted to examine the effect of colors and designs used in each style, contrasting traditional and modern elements. The aim was to understand how these elements influence the first impression of service consumers. Results: The results of the quantitative analysis revealed significant differences in the perception of service consumers according to tattoo style and elements. Patterns were identified in how different styles and designs affect the first impression, with some variations in preference depending on the type of service offered. Discussion and Conclusions: The findings suggest that the perception of tattoos when providing services is influenced by a combination of factors, including style, design, color, and service context. While some styles may be perceived more favorably than others, the acceptance of visible tattoos in the workplace appears to largely depend on the type of service provided. These results offer a specific insight into how customers perceive tattooed individuals providing services and can inform hiring practices and business policies.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Carvajal Zaera, Enrique. 2024. “INFLUENCE OF TATTOOS AND THEIR DIFFERENT STYLES ON THE FORMATION OF FIRST IMPRESSIONS”. Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI 57 (June):1-28. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2024.57.e866.
Section
Research article

References

Al-Twal, A. y Abuhassan, R. (2023). Tattoos and career discrimination in a conservative culture: the case of Jordan. Current Psychology, 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05304-7

Allport, G.W. (1979). The Nature of Prejudice. Basic Books.

Antoszewski, B., Sitek, A., Fijałkowska, M., Kasielska, A. y Kruk-Jeromin, J. (2010). Tattooing and body piercing-what motivates you to do it? International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(5), 471-479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764009106253

Aslam, A. y Owen, C.M. (2013). Fashions change but tattoos are forever: time to regret. British Journal of Dermatology, 169(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12489

Bammann, K. (2008). Der Körper als Zeichen und Symbol. Tattoo, Piercing und body modification als Medium von Exklusion und Inklusion in der modernen Gesellschaft. En Exklusion in der Marktgesellschaft (pp.257-271). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90862-5_19

Baumann, C., Timming, A. R. y Gollan, P. J. (2016). Taboo tattoos? A study of the gendered effects of body art on consumers' attitudes toward visibly tattooed front line staff. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 31-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.11.005

Bekhor, P. S., Bekhor, L. y Gandrabur, M. (1995). Employer attitudes toward persons with visible tattoos. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 36(2), 75-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-0960.1995.tb00936.x

Bernstein, E. F. (2007). Laser tattoo removal. In Seminars in plastic surgery. Thieme Medical Publishers, 03(21), 175-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-991186

BLACKDAY. (s.f.). Woman with tattoos wearing beautiful nightgown [Fotografía]. Shutterstock. https://acortar.link/67KDNa

Blog S.O.S Pedro. (s.f.). [Realism Tattoos]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.de/pin/19703317109932623/

Brenes, T. M. (2021). Reflexiones sobre la historia, legitimación e inserción del tatuaje en el arte contemporáneo. Arte, cultura y sociedad: Revista de investigación a través de la práctica artística, 1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15359/acs.1-1.3

Broussard, K. A. y Harton, H. C. (2018). Tattoo or taboo? Tattoo stigma and negative attitudes toward tattooed individuals. The Journal of social psychology, 158(5), 521-540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1373622

Brown, R. (2010). Prejudice: Its Social Psychology (2nd Edition). Wiley-Blackwell.

Burrus, V. (2003). Macrina’s Tattoo. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 33(3),403-417. https://doi.org/10.1215/10829636-33-3-403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/10829636-33-3-403

Carvajal-Zaera, E. (2015). La fidelidad del consumidor en la distribución detallista [Tesis doctoral]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Davies, J. N. (2023). The Analysis of Personal Branding of People with Tattoos. JIM: Journal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pendidikan Sejarah, 8(4), 3884-3892.

Dean, D. H. (2010). Consumer perceptions of visible tattoos on service personnel. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 20(3), 294-308. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604521011041998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09604521011041998

Dean, D. H. (2011). Young adult perception of visible tattoos on a white-collar service provider. Young Consumers, 12(3), 254-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17473611111163304

Degelman, D. y Price, N. D. (2002). Tattoos and ratings of personal characteristics. Psychological Reports, 90(2), 507-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.507

Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.1.5

DCruz, S. (s.f.). Good Looking Young in Studio Man [Fotografía]. Shutterstock. https://acortar.link/PkDUiL

Del Rosario, J. (2020). Woman in black and red floral sleeveless top photo [Fotografía]. Unsplash. https://acortar.link/I95igW

Deter-Wolfa, Aaron, Benoît Robitailleb, Lars Krutakc y Sébastien Galliotd. (2016). The World’s Oldest Tattoos. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 5, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007

Dillingh, R., Kooreman, P. y Potters, J. (2020). Tattoos, lifestyle, and the labor market. Labour, 34(2), 191-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12167

Dorfer, L., Moser, M., Spindler, K., Bahr, F., Egarter-Vigl, E., y Dohr, G. (1998). 5200-year-old acupuncture in central Europe? Science, 5387(282). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5387.239f DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5387.239f

Fotos593. (s.f.). Beautiful tattooed young doctor hugging a black binder in office background [Fotografía]. Shutterstock. https://acortar.link/yXP2Pm

FXQuadro. (s.f.). Tattooischer Kaukasier-Typ steht auf dunklem Hintergrund mit gekreuzten Armen. Fotografie eines jungen Mannes mit modischer Frisur. [Fotografía]. Shutterstock. https://acortar.link/Exjrsv

Hastie, R., Ostrom, T. M., Ebbesen, E. B., Wyer, R. S., Hamilton, D. L. y Carlston, D. E. (2014). Person Memory (PLE: Memory): The Cognitive Basis of Social Perception. Psychology Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315778037

Highhouse, S. (2008). Stubborn reliance on intuition and subjectivity in employee selection. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(3), 333-342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00058.x

Holmes, A. (2018). Who has the most tattoos? It’s not who you’d expect. Statista.

IKO-studio. (s.f.). Portrait of a beautiful young woman with a tattoo on the backs [Fotografía]. Shutterstock. https://acortar.link/RuKQVl

Incompleta. (s.f.). [Blackwork Tattoos]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.de/pin/36662184456447858/

iNKPPL Tattoo Magazine. (s.f.). [Watercolour Tattoos]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.de/pin/196047390019398191/

Jeffreys, S. (2000). ‘Body art’ and social status: cutting, tattooing, and piercing from a feminist perspective. Feminism and Psychology, 10(4), 409-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353500010004002

Krakenimages.com. (s.f.). Guter Glatzer mit Bart und Tätowierung mit lockerem Polo und Brille glückliches Gesicht lächeln mit gekreuzten Armen Blick auf die Kamera. Positive Person. [Fotografía]. Shutterstock. https://www.shutterstock.com/de/image-photo/handsome-bald

Lefever, S., Dal, M. y Matthíasdóttir, S. (2007). Online data collection in academic research: advantages and limitations. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), 574-582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00638.x

Lennon, S. J., y Johnson, K. K. (2019). Tattoos as a form of dress: A review (2000–18). Fashion, Style y Popular Culture, 6(2), 197-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc.6.2.197_1

Lennon, S. J. y Miller, F. G. (1984). Salience of Physical Appearance in Impression Formation. Home Economics Research Journal, 13(2), 95-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X8401300201

Lobstädt, T. (2011). Tätowierung, Narzissmus und Theatralität. Beltz Verlag. Wiesbaden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93365-8

Macintosh, G. y Lockshin, L. (1997). Retail relationship and store loyalty: AMulti-level perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 14, 487-497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(97)00030-X

Marczak, A. (2007). Tattoo World [Honors Projects Overview]. Rhode Island College. https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/honors_projects/29

Martí, J. (2012). La cultura del cuerpo. UOC.

Martina, T. (2018). Different Tattoo Styles. MrInkwells. https://www.mrinkwells.com/blogs/news/different-tattoo-styles-2

Molina, A., Martín, V. J., Santos, J. y Aranda, E. (2009). Consumer service and loyalty in Spanish grocery store retailing: an empirical study. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 33, 477-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2009.00780.x

Morrow, J. (2020, March 31). A Beginner’s Guide: Popular Tattoo Styles Briefly Explained. Tattoodo. https://acortar.link/BZaBCK

Moses, L. V. (2020). Too tattooed to teach: A quantitative study of the relationship between tattoos and employment for educators in Central Texas [Doctoral dissertation]. Lamar University-Beaumont.

Noble, S. M., Griffith, D. A. y Adjei, M. T. (2006). Drivers of local merchant loyalty: Understanding the incluence of gender and shopping motives. Journal of Retailing, 82(3), 177-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2006.05.002

Padilla, J. C. (2007). Escalas de medición. Paradigmas: Una Revista Disciplinar de Investigación, 2(2), 104-125.

Pesapane, F., Nazzaro, G., Gianotti, R. y Coggi, A. (2014). A Short History of Tattoo. JAMA Dermatology, 150(2), 145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.8860

Rohr, E. (2010). Vom sakralen Ritual zum jugendkulturellen Design. Zur sozialen und psychischen Bedeutung von Piercings und Tattoos. En Körperhandeln und Körpererleben (pp.225-242). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839412275-011

Reichheld, F. y Makey, R. (2011) The ultimate question 2.0. Ingram Publisher Services.

Ruiz, S. (2020). Differences in Hiring Manager’s Ratings of Applicants Based on Visibility of Tattoos, Gender, and the Presence or Absence of an Equal Employer Opportunity Statement [Doctoral dissertation]. Alliant International University.

Rynes, S. L., Brown, K. G. y Colbert, A. E. (2002). Seven common misconceptions about human resource practices: Research findings versus practitioner beliefs. Academy of Management Perspectives, 16(3), 92-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.8540341

Staykova, I. (s.f.). Junge schöne blonde Frau im blauen Kleid. Mädchen mit einer Tätowierung auf seiner Schulter, roter Lippenstift, dunkler Hintergrund [Fotografía]. Shutterstock. https://acortar.link/Kkxj0M

Swanger, N. (2006). Visible body modification (VBM): Evidence from human resource managers and recruiters and the effects on employment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(1), 154-158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.12.004

Tassie, G. (2003). Identifying the practice of tattooing in ancient Egypt and Nubia. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/237

Tattoodo. (s.f.). [Tribal Tattoo]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.de/pin/154740937191657897/

TattoosBoyGirl. (s.f.). [Japanese Tattoos]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.de/pin/653866439655155670/

Tattoo-Spirit. (s.f.)a [New School Tom y Jerry]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.de/pin/705024516652495768/

Tattoo-Spirit. (s.f.)b [Neo Traditional Eagle]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.de/pin/6192518227771679/

Timming, A. R. (2015). Visible tattoos in the service sector: A new challenge to recruitment and selection. Work, Employment and Society, 29(1), 60-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014528402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014528402

Wallace, D. W., Giese, J. L. y Johnson, J. L. (2004). Customer retailer loyalty in the context of multiple channel strategies. Journal of Retailing, 80, 249-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2004.10.002

Woodford, S. D., Wordsworth, R. y Malinen, S. (2022). Does my tattoo matter? Impact of tattoos in employee selection. NZJHRM, 1(22).

Yang, A. (2019). Ultimate Guide to Tattoo Styles: Popular styles explained with Images. Tattoos Wizard. https://tattooswizard.com/blog/tattoo-styles-%20explained

Artículos relacionados

Alemán Ramos, P. F., Morales Almeida, P. y Gisbert Caudeli, V. (2023). Los jóvenes universitarios ante el comercio online: dimensiones estratégicas para la in-dustria publicitaria desde el proceso de compra, la confianza y la satisfac-ción. Vivat Academia. Revista de Comunicación, 156, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.15178/va.2023.156.e1468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15178/va.2023.156.e1468

Barandiaran, X. (2021). Gobernanza Colaborativa para la Innovación Pública y So-cial: El caso de Gipuzkoa, País Vasco. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 6(2), 78-96. https://pub.sinnergiak.org/esir/article/view/164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir.21-2.6

Ferreiro Vilariño, T. (2021). Nuevas necesidades comunicativas del paciente y su relación con el coaching para pacientes. Revista de Comunicación y Sa-lud, 11, 77-102. https://doi.org/10.35669/rcys.2021.11.e274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35669/rcys.2021.11.e274

Mejía Giraldo, J. F. y Delgado Figueroa, L. V. (2023). Orientación social de marca y su relación con comportamientos de engagement en clientes. Un estudio de caso. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 81, 57-73. https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2023-2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2023-2009

Sánchez-González, O., Moya Cano, A. y Moreno Clemente, C. (2024). La aplicación de una experiencia olfativa como recurso educativo para el desarrollo de ha-bilidades y competencias transversales dentro de la comunicación empresa-rial. Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Informa-ción, 29. https://doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2024.29.e287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2024.29.e287